g.message(1)

NAME
g.message - Prints a message, warning, progress info, or fatal error in the GRASS way.
This module should be used in scripts for messages served to user.

KEYWORDS
general, support, scripts

SYNOPSIS
g.message
g.message --help
g.message [-wedpiv] message=string [debug=integer] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]

  Flags:

-w
    Print message as warning

-e
    Print message as fatal error

-d
    Print message as debug message

-p
    Print message as progress info

-i
    Print message in all modes except of quiet mode
    Message is printed on GRASS_VERBOSE>=1

-v
    Print message only in verbose mode
    Message is printed only on GRASS_VERBOSE>=3

--help
    Print usage summary

--verbose
    Verbose module output

--quiet
    Quiet module output

--ui
    Force launching GUI dialog

  Parameters:

message=string [required]
    Text of the message to be printed
    Message is printed on GRASS_VERBOSE>=2

debug=integer
    Level to use for debug messages
    Options: 0-5
    Default: 1

DESCRIPTION
g.message prints a message, warning, progress info, or fatal error in the GRASS GIS way. This program is to be used in Shell/Perl/Python scripts, so the author does not need to use the echo program. The advantage of g.message is that it formats messages just like other GRASS modules do and that its functionality is influenced by the GRASS_VERBOSE and GRASS_MESSAGE_FORMAT environment variables.

The program can be used for standard informative messages as well as warnings (-w flag) and fatal errors (-e flag). For debugging purposes, the -d flag will cause g.message to print a debugging message at the given level.

NOTES
Messages containing "=" must use the full message= syntax so the parser doesn’t get confused.

If you want a long message (multi-line) to be dealt with as a single paragraph, use a single call to g.message with text split in the script using the backslash as the last character. (In shell scripts don’t close the "quote")

A blank line may be obtained with

g.message message=""

Redundant whitespace will be stripped away.

It’s advisable to single quote the messages that are to be printed literally. It prevents a number of characters (most notably, space and the dollar sign ’$’) from being treated specifically by the shell.

When it is necessary to include, for example, a variable’s value as part of the message, the double quotes may be used, which do not deprive the dollar sign of its special variable-expansion powers.

While it is known that the interactive Bash instances may treat the exclamation mark ’!’ character specifically (making single quoting of it necessary), it shouldn’t be the case for the non-interactive instances of Bash. Nonetheless, to avoid context-based confusion later on you are encouraged to single-quote messages that do not require $VARIABLE expansion.

  Usage in Python scripts
GRASS Python Scripting Library defines special wrappers for g.message.

    •   debug() for g.message -d

    •   error() for g.message -e

    •   fatal() for g.message -e + exit()

    •   info() for g.message -i

    •   message() for g.message

    •   verbose() for g.message -v

    •   warning() for g.message -w

Note: The Python tab in the wxGUI can be used for entering the following sample code:

import grass.script as gcore
gcore.warning("This is a warning")

is identical with

g.message -w message="This is a warning"

  VERBOSITY LEVELS
Controlled by the "GRASS_VERBOSE" environment variable. Typically this is set using the --quiet or --verbose command line options.

    •   0 - only errors and warnings are printed

    •   1 - progress messages are printed

    •   2 - all module messages are printed

    •   3 - additional verbose messages are printed

  DEBUG LEVELS
Controlled by the "DEBUG" GRASS gisenv variable (set with g.gisenv).
Recommended levels:

    •   1 - message is printed once or few times per module

    •   3 - each row (raster) or line (vector)

    •   5 - each cell (raster) or point (vector)

EXAMPLES
This basic example prints the message "hello" in the console:

g.message message="hello"

To print a message as an error message use the -e flag:

g.message -e message="my error"

To print a message highlighted as a debug message ("D0/0: debug") in the console, use the -d flag. Optionally the debug level can be defined (see also g.gisenv for details):

# Levels: (recommended levels)
#   0 - silence
#   1 - message is printed once or few times per module
#   3 - each row (raster) or line (vector)
#   5 - each cell (raster) or point (vector)
g.message -d message="debug" debug=0

To print a message highlighted as a warning message ("WARNING: my warning") in the console, use the -w flag:

g.message -w message="my warning"

SEE ALSO
GRASS variables and environment variables
g.gisenv, g.parser

AUTHOR
Jachym Cepicky

SOURCE CODE

Available at: g.message source code (history)

Latest change: Tuesday Dec 17 20:17:20 2024 in commit: d962e90c026708a4815ea2b9f46c0e84c17de22d

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© 2003-2025 GRASS Development Team, GRASS GIS 8.4.1 Reference Manual